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It is hypothesized that allergens are at the borderline of self and non-self and, through as yet elusive circumstances, mount a Th2 response for aller…
It is hypothesized that allergens are at the borderline of self and non-self and, through as yet elusive circumstances, mount a Th2 response for allergic sensitization. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 is considered the prototype for the PR-10 protein family causing respiratory allergy.Here, we give structural evidence that Bet v 1 is a lipocalin-like protein with a striking structural resemblance to human lipocalin 2. Lipocalin 2 is highly expressed in the lung where it exerts immunoregulatory functions dependent on being loaded with siderophore-bound iron (holo-form) or not (apo-form).We demonstrate that similar to lipocalin 2, Bet v 1 is capable of binding iron via catechol-based siderophores. Thereby, calculated Kd values of 66 nm surpassed affinities to known ligands nearly by a power of 10. Moreover, we give functional evidence of the immunomodulatory capacity of Bet v 1 being dependent on its iron-loaded state.When incubated to human immune cells, only the apo-form of Bet v 1, but not the holo-form, was able to promote Th2 cells secreting IL13.
Explore comprehensive, research-based information about the Bet v 1 allergen. Our guide, backed by clinical data, delivers crucial insights into the allergen's health effects, key characteristics, clinical relevance, prevention strategies, and more.
Bet v 1 is a protein of molecular weight 17 kDa. It is a major allergen of birch pollen. Up to 95% of patients sensitized to birch have been reported to respond to Bet v 1. Various studies have shown that the prevalence of sensitization to Bet v1 varies geographically.In a European study, the lowest prevalence was observed in Portugal (6.8%) and the highest in Denmark (57.4%). The prevalence of the allergy has been aggravated due to increasing pollution and industrialization in countries. Bet v 1 allergen has been reported as a predictor of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma.Immunotherapy with birch pollen extract has been recommended for patients identified solely with Bet v 1 sensitization. Allergen immunotherapy may improve allergy to pollen from order Fagales and associated oral allergy syndrome by using with Bet v 1 or extract from birch pollen.A study conducted on patients sensitive to trees in Europe reported Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 (profilin) combination impeded binding of IgE to extracts from oak, hornbeam, alder, and hazel by an average of 72% to88%. The study indicates that Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 together comprise 82% of the IgE epitopes seen in Fagales pollens.
The investigation of specific IgE antibodies against Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 demonstrated that the specificity of allergen-induced IgE antibodies in birch pollen-allergic individuals is dependent not only on the region in which a patient lives but also on age.
Conclusion: The investigation of specific IgE antibodies against Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 demonstrated that the specificity of allergen-induced IgE antibodies in birch pollen-allergic individuals is dependent not only on the region in which a patient lives but also on age.Results: Bet v1 specific IgE antibodies were identified in most patients without any significant differences between children and adults. Bet v2 positivity was found more frequently in the group of children than in adults (p = 0.02). In most adult patients Bet v1 monospecificity was more expressed as compared to the pediatric group.Method: In a group of birch pollen-allergic patients living in the Czech Republic (107 children, 71 adults) we detected the presence of Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 specific IgE antibodies.Background: Birch pollen belongs to the major allergen triggers in the spring season in Europe. Our rapidly expanding knowledge of the allergenic molecules enables us to better recognize the individual differences between the reactivity of specific IgE antibodies of individual patients and allergic populations living in various regions of the world.
Preview the Week 2 NCAA football matchup between the Virginia Tech Hokies and Vanderbilt Commodores with best bets, picks, predictions and more.
The Virginia Tech Hokies (0-1) and the Vanderbilt Commodores (1-0) square off at Lane Stadium on Saturday, September 6, 2025. The game will air on ACC Network, at 7:30 p.m. ET. Below, we analyze BetMGM Sportsbook’s lines around Virginia Tech vs.Provided by BetMGM Sportsbook; access USA TODAY Sports Scores and Sports Betting Odds hub for a full list.For more sports betting picks and tips, check out SportsbookWire.com and BetFTW.Moneyline (ML): Virginia Tech -129 (Bet $129 to win $100) | Vanderbilt +108 (Bet $100 to win $108)
Method: In a group of birch pollen-allergic patients living in the Czech Republic (107 children, 71 adults) we detected the presence of Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 specific IgE antibodies. Results: Bet v1 specific IgE antibodies were identified in most patients without any significant differences ...
Abstract. Background: Birch pollen belongs to the major allergen triggers in the spring season in Europe. Our rapidly expanding knowledge of the allergenic molecules enables us to better recognize the individual differences between the reactivity of specific IgE antibodies of individual patients and allergic populations living in various regions of the world.A. Sekerková, M. Poláčková; Detection of Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 Specific IgE Antibodies in the Sera of Children and Adult Patients Allergic to Birch Pollen: Evaluation of Different IgE Reactivity Profiles Depending on Age and Local Sensitization. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1 March 2011; 154 (4): 278–285.Results: Bet v1 specific IgE antibodies were identified in most patients without any significant differences between children and adults. Bet v2 positivity was found more frequently in the group of children than in adults (p = 0.02). In most adult patients Bet v1 monospecificity was more expressed as compared to the pediatric group.Conclusion: The investigation of specific IgE antibodies against Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 demonstrated that the specificity of allergen-induced IgE antibodies in birch pollen-allergic individuals is dependent not only on the region in which a patient lives but also on age.
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Virginia Tech vs Vanderbilt prediction & odds for Week 2. Plus college football best bets, player props & key stats.
Whether you’re a first-time bettor checking out the best sportsbook promos, a casual fan betting on Georgia football national championship odds, Michigan football odds, or Ohio State playoff odds, or a longtime diehard breaking down trends for live sports betting, there are entertainment options for everyone.Virginia Tech is a betting favorite in Week 2, with the spread sitting at -1 (-110).This prediction against the spread factors in ATS performances for both teams, opening and current betting lines plus public and sharp money already wagered on this matchup.BetMGM is the best online sportsbook for college football betting.
Austin Mock has three bets lined up for Week 2 of college football season, including a game that is taking place on Friday.
In what might have been the greatest first week of the college football season ever, my college football projection model managed to juice out on its best bets.I have a lot of family and friends connections to the University of Connecticut and probably have more knowledge of post-2000 UConn football than anyone who lives outside of the state. With that being said, I can’t justify being less than a touchdown dog on the road against a solid Syracuse team. This isn’t the Syracuse of last year, but I believe there is still quite a gap between these two programs.
Chapecoense host Volta Redonda in Brazilian Serie B ; Betfair's Tobias Gourlay has a match preview and best bet
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BET v2 is also available as part of the PEANT / Peanut, IgE with Reflex to Peanut Components, IgE, Serum.
This reflex test includes Ara h2, h1, h3, h6, h9, and Bet v2 (profilin) if the initial Peanut IgE test is detectable.
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The term allergy was coined in 1906 by the Austrian scientist and pediatrician Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet. In 1976, Dietrich Kraft became the head of the Allergy and Immunology Research Group at the Department of General and Experimental Pathology ...
Thus, the foundation for the Vienna School of Molecular Allergology was laid. With the recruitment of Heimo Breiteneder as a young molecular biology researcher, the work began in earnest, resulting in the publication of the cloning of the first plant allergen Bet v 1 in 1989.Bet v 1 is also the founding member of the large Bet v 1-like superfamily of proteins with members—based on the ancient conserved Bet v 1 fold—being present in all three domains of life, i.e., archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. This suggests that the Bet v 1 fold most likely already existed in the last universal common ancestor.The biological function of this protein was probably related to lipid binding. However, during evolution, a functional diversity within the Bet v 1-like superfamily was established. The superfamily comprises 25 families, one of which is the Bet v 1 family, which in turn is composed of 11 subfamilies.As around 5% of the Austrian population suffer from pollinosis induced by birch pollen in early spring, and as there is only one major allergen present in birch pollen extract, this allergen was chosen as the target. Following the rules of allergen nomenclature laid down by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee [3] and the then-valid taxonomical name for the white birch, Betula verrucosa, this allergen was designated as Bet v 1.
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Evaluation of patients suspected birch pollen allergy Evaluation of patients with suspected peanut allergy Evaluation of patients with oral allergy syndrome to other pollens or plant-based foods Testing for IgE antibodies is not useful in patients previously treated with immunotherapy to determine ...
As profilin proteins are present in many other foods, sensitivity to profilin Bet v2 may be associated in broad allergen cross-reactivity among foods, including mango, peach, apple, hazelnut, celery, carrot, paprika, anise, fennel, coriander, cumin, tomato, and potato.Profilins are potentially cross-reactive allergenic proteins found in many plant pollens and tissues. IgE antibodies to the profilin Bet v2, while associated with birch pollen sensitivity, also represent a minor peanut allergen marker as it is cross-reactive with the peanut profilin Ara h5.Positive results for IgE to peanut allergy markers, such as profilin Bet v2, are not diagnostic for peanut allergy and only indicate that the patient may be sensitized to peanut component or a cross-reactive allergen.This test determines the relative amount of IgE antibody to the cross-reactive profilin, Bet v2.
Trees within the order Fagales possess particularly potent allergens, e.g. the prototypical Bet v 1, the major white birch (Betula verrucosa - now called B. pendula) pollen antigen. Bet v 1 is the main cause of type I allergies observed in early spring. Type I, or immunoglobulin E-mediated ...
Trees within the order Fagales possess particularly potent allergens, e.g. the prototypical Bet v 1, the major white birch (Betula verrucosa - now called B. pendula) pollen antigen. Bet v 1 is the main cause of type I allergies observed in early spring. Type I, or immunoglobulin E-mediated (IgE-mediated) allergies affect 1 in 5 people in Europe and North America.NMR analysis has confirmed earlier predictions of the protein structure and site of the major T-cell epitope. The Bet v 1 protein comprises 6 anti-parallel beta-strands and 3 alpha-helices. Four of the strands dominate the global fold, and 2 of the helices form a C-terminal amphipathic helical motif.This motif is believed to be the T-cell epitope. However, one very striking feature of the three-dimensional structure of Bet v 1 is the presence of a large hydrophobic cavity, which is open to the exterior and probably functions as a ligand binding site.The biological function of Bet v 1 is still under investigations. Bet v 1 harbors a large hydrophobic pocket and is able to bind a large spectra of ligands in it like hormones and siderophores like flavonols. It belongs to the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are usually expressed upon infections and stressful conditions, implicating a role in host defense.In vitro, Bet v 1 has been shown to be immune-suppressive, due to its ability to bind to iron-flavonoid complexes, which it can shuttle into human monocytic cells to increase their labile iron pool and stimulate the anti-inflammatory Arylhydrocarbon receptor pathway (https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/1/42).
The latest NFL betting trends for Week 2 help us make our picks and predictions for the prime-time games, including a Pete Carroll-Jim Harbaugh reunion.
Jordan Love has been a bettor's dream since taking over for Aaron Rodgers. The Green Bay gunslinger has posted an 11-7 ATS record in two-plus seasons as the starter at Lambeau Field, one of the league's best tallies. Compare that to Daniels, whose Washington team was a mediocre 3-4-1 ATS away from home last regular season.Week 2's Monday Night Football doubleheader kicks off with an exciting Buccaneers vs. Texans matchup from the Lone Star State. Both teams demanded attention on opening weekend with their close contests, so how should bettors play this prime-time bout?Gabe Henderson is a sports betting writer from Houston, Texas. He graduated from Louisiana State University in 2022 with a bachelor's degree in Mass Communication. Gabe developed an interest in sports betting while in college due to its legalization in Louisiana.He turned his passion into a career shortly after, joining The Advocate/NOLA.com as a Sports Betting Content Coordinator, where he spent two years bulding his college football and NFL experience. Gabe wore many hats before graduating as he led FanSided's coverage of Chelsea FC as a Site Expert with "The Pride of London."
Evaluation of patients suspected birch pollen allergy Evaluation of patients with suspected peanut allergy Evaluation of patients with oral allergy syndrome to other pollens or plant-based foods Testing for IgE antibodies is not useful in patients previously treated with immunotherapy to determine ...
As profilin proteins are present in many other foods, sensitivity to profilin Bet v2 may be associated in broad allergen cross-reactivity among foods, including mango, peach, apple, hazelnut, celery, carrot, paprika, anise, fennel, coriander, cumin, tomato, and potato.Profilins are potentially cross-reactive allergenic proteins found in many plant pollens and tissues. IgE antibodies to the profilin Bet v2, while associated with birch pollen sensitivity, also represent a minor peanut allergen marker as it is cross-reactive with the peanut profilin Ara h5.Positive results for IgE to peanut allergy markers, such as profilin Bet v2, are not diagnostic for peanut allergy and only indicate that the patient may be sensitized to peanut component or a cross-reactive allergen.This test determines the relative amount of IgE antibody to the cross-reactive profilin, Bet v2.
Request PDF | Detection of Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 Specific IgE Antibodies in the Sera of Children and Adult Patients Allergic to Birch Pollen: Evaluation of Different IgE Reactivity Profiles Depending on Age and Local Sensitization | Birch pollen belongs to the major allergen triggers in ...
Request PDF | Detection of Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 Specific IgE Antibodies in the Sera of Children and Adult Patients Allergic to Birch Pollen: Evaluation of Different IgE Reactivity Profiles Depending on Age and Local Sensitization | Birch pollen belongs to the major allergen triggers in the spring season in Europe.Bet v1 specific IgE antibodies were identified in most patients without any significant differences between children and adults. Bet v2 positivity was found more frequently in the group of children than in adults (p = 0.02). In most adult patients Bet v1 monospecificity was more expressed as compared to the pediatric group.The investigation of specific IgE antibodies against Bet v1, Bet v2 and Bet v4 demonstrated that the specificity of allergen-induced IgE antibodies in birch pollen-allergic individuals is dependent not only on the region in which a patient lives but also on age.In addition, measurement of sIgE to the major birch allergen components, Betula verrucosa (Bet v1, Bet v2), and to peanut allergen components, Arachis hypogaea (genuine componens: Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and cross-reactive Ara h8) was performed, by using a microarray technique (component resolved diagnosis, CRD).
Table of Isoallergens · Click on the arrows to show the details of individual isoallergens, click on +/- to show/hide the details of all isoallergens
Betula verrucosa (Betula pendula) Bet v 2 · Allergen Details · Comments · Table of Isoallergens ·
Birch pollen allergy affects more than 20% of the European allergic population. On a molecular level, birch pollen allergy can be linked to the two dominant allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2. Bet v 2 belongs to the profilin family, which is abundant in the plant kingdom.
In particular, it is unknown whether the motif is relevant for disulfide formation and to what extent it would affect the profilins’ structural, functional and immunological properties. Here we present crystal structures of Bet v 2 in the reduced and the oxidized state, i.e., without and with a disulfide bridge.Despite overall structural similarity, the two structures distinctly differ at their termini which are stabilized to each other in the oxidized, i.e., disulfide-linked state. These structural differences translate into differences in their proteolytic resistance. Whereas the oxidized Bet v 2 is rather resistant towards the endolysosomal protease cathepsin S, it is rapidly degraded in the reduced form.By contrast, both Bet v 2 forms exhibit similar immunological properties as evidenced by their binding to IgE antibodies from birch pollen allergic patients and by their ability to trigger histamine release in a humanized rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL) assay, independent of the presence or absence of the disulfide bridge.In Europe, approximately 20% of allergic patients are allergic to birch pollen [1]. Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 are the two clinically most relevant allergens in birch pollen allergy, recognized by more than 95% and up to 40% of the birch pollen allergic patients, respectively, depending on geographical regions [2,3]. Bet v 2 is a plant profilin panallergen, i.e., it is ubiquitously distributed throughout nature and shares a highly conserved amino acid sequence of up to 75% even between distantly-related organisms [4]. This sequence conservation translates into a high similarity of the structural fold and function within other members of the profilin family [5]. Conversely, it also results in a broad IgE cross-reactivity of profilin allergic patients to other inhalant and nutritive allergen sources [6]. However, their sensitizing capabilities remain unclear.